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Tuesday, September 14, 2010

Education in India

Education in India
 is mainly provided by the public sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: federal, state, and local. Child education is compulsory. The Nalanda University was the oldest university-system of education in the world. Western education became ingrained into Indian society with the establishment of the British Raj. Education in India falls under the control of both the Union Government and the states, with some responsibilities lying with the Union and the states having autonomy for others. The various articles of the Indian Constitution provide for education as a fundamental right. Most universities in India are Union or State Government controlled. India has made a huge progress in terms of increasing primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately two thirds of the population.[2] India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to the economic rise of India.[3] Much of the progress in education has been credited to various private institutions.[4] The private education market in India is estimated to be worth $40 billion in 2008 and will increase to $68 billion by 2012.[4] However, India continues to face stern challenges. Despite growing investment in education, 35% of its population is still illiterate; only 15% of Indian students reach high school, and just 7% graduate.[5]. As of 2008, India's post-secondary high schools offer only enough seats for 7% of India's college-age population, 25% of teaching positions nationwide are vacant, and 57% of college professors lack either a master's or PhD degree.[6] As of 2007, there are 1522 degree-granting engineering colleges in India with an annual student intake of 582,000,[7] plus 1,244 polytechnics with an annual intake of 265,000. However, these institutions face shortage of faculty and concerns have been raised over the quality of education.[
 






A love inspects the distorted promise.

Saturday, December 12, 2009

A FRIENDS GREETING



A Friend's Greeting

I'd like to be the sort of friend that

you have been to me;

I'd like to be the help that

you've been always glad to be;
I'd like to mean as much to you

each minute of the dayAs you have meant,

old friend of mine,


to me along the way.
I'd like to do the big things and

the splendid things for you,

To brush the gray from out your skies

and leave them only blue;

I'd like to say the kindly things that

I so oft have heard,

And feel that I could rouse your soul


the way that mine you've stirred.
I'd like to give you back the joy

that you have given me,

Yet that were wishing you a need

I hope will never be;
I'd like to make you feel as rich as I,


who travel onUndaunted in the darkest hours with you tolean upon.
I'm wishing at this time that Icould but repayA portion of the gladness thatyou've strewn along my way;
And could I have one wish this year,this only would it be:

I'd like to be the sort of friendthat you have been to me.


Dfx please keep in touch!!!
yours!!

Saturday, December 05, 2009

ABUL KALAM AZAD

अबुल कलाम आजाद

विकिपीडिया, एक मुक्त ज्ञानकोष से

यहाँ जाएँ: भ्रमण, खोज
अबुल कलाम आजाद
चित्र:MK Azad.jpg
जन्म - तिथि: 11 नवंबर 1888
जन्म - स्थान: मक्का, ओटोमान साम्राज्य, सऊदी अरब
मृत्यु - तिथि: 22 फरवही 1958
मृत्यु - स्थान: दिल्ली, भारत
आंदोलन: भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम
प्रमुख संगठन: [भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रस]]
मौलाना अबुल कलाम मुहीउद्दीन अहमद (11 नवंबर, 1888- 22 फरवरी, 1958) एक मुस्लिम विद्वान और भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम के वरिष्ठ राजनीतिक नेता थे. वे उन मुस्लिम नेताओं में से थे जिन्होंने हिंदू-मुस्लिम एकता का समर्थन किया और सांप्रदायिकता के आधार पर देश विभाजन का विरोध किया. देश की स्वतंत्रता के बाद वे भारत सरकार के पहले शिक्षा मंत्री बने. वे मौलाना आजाद के नाम से जाने जाते हैं और आजाद उनका छद्मनाम है.
युवावस्था में आजाद धर्म और दर्शन पर उर्दू में कविता लिखते थे. पत्रकारिता के बदौलत उन्हें ख्याति मिली. उन्होंने अंग्रेजी सरकार के खिलाफ लिखा और भारतीय राष्ट्रीयता को बढ़ावा दिया. खिलाफ आंदोलन के नेता के रूप में वे राष्ट्रपति महात्मा गांधी के संपर्क में आए. जल्द ही वे गांधीजी के अहिंसक आंदोलन (सविनय अवज्ञा आंदोलन) के पक्के समर्थक हो गए और 1919 के रॉलेट एक्ट के विरोध में असहयोग आंदोलन को संगठित करने में सक्रिय भूमिका निभाई. आजाद गांधी जी के स्वदेशी वस्तुओं के प्रयोग और स्वराज जैसे आदर्शों के प्रति प्रतिबद्ध थे. 1923 में वे कांग्रेस के अध्यक्ष बने. वे कांग्रेस सबसे कम उम्र के अध्यक्ष थे.
1931 में वे धारासन सत्याग्रह के मुख्य आयोजकों में से एक थे. धर्मनिरपेक्षता, समाजवाद और हिंदू-मुस्लिम एकता को बढ़ावा देने के कारण वे उस समय के सबसे प्रमुख नेताओं में शुमार हो गए. साँचा:Dubious. 1940 से 1945 में भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन के दौरान उन्होंने कांग्रेस अध्यक्ष पद पर कार्य किया. कांग्रेस के अन्य नेताओं के साथ मौलाना आजाद को तीन साल की जेल की सजा हुई. भारत विभाजन के प्रबल विरोधियों में आजाद का नाम प्रमुखता से लिया जाता है. भारत की स्वंत्रता के बाद वे अंतरिम सरकार में शामिल हुए. भारत विभाजन के दौरान हिंसा के समय वे सांप्रदायिक सौहार्द्र बढ़ाने का कार्य करते रहे. भारत के पहले शिक्षा मंत्री के रूप में उन्होंने निशुल्क शिक्षा के साथ साथ भारतीय शिक्षा पद्धति और उच्च शिक्षा संस्थानों की स्थापना में रूचि दिखाई. मौलाना आजाद को ही भारतीय प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान यानी आईआईटी और विश्वविद्यालय अनुदान आयोग की स्थापना का श्रेय दिया जाता है.

आरंभिक जीवन

मौलाना आजाद का परिवार मौलाना यानी हेरात, अफगानिस्तान के इस्लामिक विद्वानों से , ताल्लुक रखता था, जो मुगल शासन के दौरान बाबर के शासन काल में भारत में आ बसा. उनकी मां अरब के शेख मोहम्मद जहीर बातरी की पुत्री थी, जबकि पिता मौलाना खैरुद्दीन ईरान के थे जो बंगाल में रहते थे. [१][२][३] The family lived in the Bengal region until Maulana Khairuddin left India during the Indian rebellion of 1857 and settled in Mecca, the holiest city in Islam, where he met his wife.[४][५] The family returned to Kolkata (then Calcutta) in 1890 where his father earned a reputation as a learned Muslim scholar. Azad's mother died when he was 11 years old.[५]
Azad was raised in an environment steeped in Islamic religion. He was given a traditional Islamic education, tutored at his home and in the neighbourhood mosque by his father and later religious scholars.[४] Azad mastered several languages, including Urdu, Arabic, Hindko, Persian, and Hindi. He was also trained in the subjects of Hanafi fiqh , shariat , mathematics, philosophy, world history and science by reputed tutors hired by his family. An avid and determined student, the precocious Azad was running a library, a reading room, a debating society before he was twelve, wanted to write on the life of Ghazali at twelve, was contributing learned articles to Makhzan (the best known literary magazine of the day) at fourteen[६], was teaching a class of students, most of whom were twice his age, when he was merely fifteen and succeeded in completing the traditional course of study at the young age of sixteen, nine years ahead of his contemporaries, and brought out a magazine at the same age.[७] In fact, in the field of journalism, he was publishing a poetical journal (Nairang-e-Aalam)[८] and was already an editor of a weekly (Al-Misbah), in 1900, at the age of twelve and, in 1903, brought out a monthly journal, Lissan-us-Sidq, which soon gained popularity.[९] At the age of thirteen, he was married to a young Muslim girl, Zuleikha Begum.[५] Azad was, more closer, a follower of the Ahl-i-Hadith school and compiled many treatises reinterpreting the Qur'an, the Hadith, and the principles of Fiqh and Kalam.[४] A young man, Azad was also exposed to the modern intellectual life of Kolkata, the then capital of British-ruled India and the centre of cultural and political life. He began to doubt the traditional ways of his father and secretly diversified his studies. Azad learned English through intensive personal study and began learning Western philosophy, history and contemporary politics by reading advanced books and modern periodicals. Azad grew disillusioned with Islamic teachings and was inspired by the modern views of Muslim educationalist Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, who had promoted rationalism. Increasingly doubtful of religious dogma, Azad entered a period of self-described "atheism" and "sinfulness" that lasted for almost a decade

19TH LOKSABHA MAMERS

Madhya Pradesh
No.
constituency
Name of Elected M.P.
Party Affiliation
1
Morena
Narendra Singh Tomar
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
2
Bhind
Ashok Argal
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
3
Gwalior
Yashodhara Raje Scindia
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
4
Guna
Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस
5
Sagar
Bhupendra Singh
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
6
Tikamgarh
Virendra Kumar
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
7
Damoh
Shivraj Bhaiya
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
8
Khajuraho
Jeetendra Singh Bundela
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
9
Satna
Ganesh Singh
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
10
Rewa
Deoraj Singh Patel
Bahujan Samaj Party
11
Sidhi
Govind Prasad Mishra
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
12
Shahdol
Rajesh Nandini Singh
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस
13
Jabalpur
Rakesh Singh
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
14
Mandla
Basori Singh Masram
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस
15
Balaghat
K. D. Deshmukh
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
16
Chhindwara
Kamal Nath
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस
17
Hoshangabad
Uday Pratap Singh
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस
18
Vidisha
Sushma Swaraj
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
19
Bhopal
Kailash Joshi
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
20
Rajgarh
Narayansingh Amlabe
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस
21
Dewas
Sajjan Singh Verma
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस
22
Ujjain
Guddu Premchand
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस
23
Mandsour
Meenakshi Natrajan
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस
24
Ratlam
Kantilal Bhuria
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस
25
Dhar
Gajendra Singh Rajukhedi
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस
26
Indore
Sumitra Mahajan (Tai)
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
27
Khargone
Makansingh Solanki (Babuji)
भारतीय जनता पार्टी
28
Khandwa
Arun Subhashchandra Yadav
भारतीय राष्ट्रीय कांग्रेस
29
Betul
Jyoti Dhurve
भारतीय जनता पार्टी

SPEED OF LIGHT

Speed of light

The speed of light in a vacuum is presently defined to be exactly 299,792,458 m/s (approximately 186,282 miles per second). This definition of the speed of light means that the metre is now defined in terms of the speed of light. Light always travels at a constant speed, even between particles of a substance through which it is shining. Photons excite the adjoining particles that in turn transfer the energy to the neighbor. This may appear to slow the beam down through its trajectory in realtime. The time lost between entry and exit accounts to the displacement of energy through the substance between each particle that is excited.
Different physicists have attempted to measure the speed of light throughout history. Galileo attempted to measure the speed of light in the seventeenth century. An early experiment to measure the speed of light was conducted by Ole Rømer, a Danish physicist, in 1676. Using a telescope, Ole observed the motions of Jupiter and one of its moons, Io. Noting discrepancies in the apparent period of Io's orbit, Rømer calculated that light takes about 22 minutes to traverse the diameter of Earth's orbit.[4] Unfortunately, its size was not known at that time. If Ole had known the diameter of the Earth's orbit, he would have calculated a speed of 227,000,000 m/s.
Another, more accurate, measurement of the speed of light was performed in Europe by Hippolyte Fizeau in 1849. Fizeau directed a beam of light at a mirror several kilometers away. A rotating cog wheel was placed in the path of the light beam as it traveled from the source, to the mirror and then returned to its origin. Fizeau found that at a certain rate of rotation, the beam would pass through one gap in the wheel on the way out and the next gap on the way back. Knowing the distance to the mirror, the number of teeth on the wheel, and the rate of rotation, Fizeau was able to calculate the speed of light as 313,000,000 m/s.
Léon Foucault used an experiment which used rotating mirrors to obtain a value of 298,000,000 m/s in 1862. Albert A. Michelson conducted experiments on the speed of light from 1877 until his death in 1931. He refined Foucault's methods in 1926 using improved rotating mirrors to measure the time it took light to make a round trip from Mt. Wilson to Mt. San Antonio in California. The precise measurements yielded a speed of 299,796,000 m/s.
Two independent teams of physicists were able to bring light to a complete standstill by passing it through a Bose-Einstein Condensate of the element rubidium, one led by Dr. Lene Vestergaard Hau of Harvard University and the Rowland Institute for Science in Cambridge, Mass., and the other by Dr. Ronald L. Walsworth and Dr. Mikhail D. Lukin of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, also in Cambridge.

KONTERA